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	<title>Comments on: Do We Need an Individual Mandate?</title>
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	<description>Health Care Policy and Reform Insights &#124; NCPA</description>
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		<title>By: Mike Lee</title>
		<link>http://healthblog.ncpa.org/do-we-need-an-individual-mandate/comment-page-1/#comment-46883</link>
		<dc:creator>Mike Lee</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Fri, 09 Oct 2009 04:54:45 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.john-goodman-blog.com/?p=5717#comment-46883</guid>
		<description>The justifications for the individual mandate and the claims about an
uninsured cost-shift are riddled with misinformation and non-sequiturs.
By definition uncompensated care is what they can&#039;t afford to pay.
If they can&#039;t afford the doctor or hospital, they won&#039;t be able to pay both
that and insurance (or the equivalent tax), so it&#039;s likely to be shifted anyway.
CBO points to examples where uncompensated care from one group resulted
in _lower_ costs to others, so it&#039;s not necessarily shifted at all.
Even if there is a cost-shift it&#039;s nonsensical to push insurance as a solution
as that increases costs and cost-shifting.
It&#039;s more fair to cost-shift through provider fees and premiums than by taxes.
Corrections to comments above: CBO says uninsured uncompensated care is
$28 billion, which is little more than 1% of total healthcare cost.
$1,000 per insured is completely bogus; Mr Goodman&#039;s X is $1,000 per UNinsured.
For details on these and more comprehensive rebuttals to other fallacies
of the uninsured cost-shift see http://bluegreenbytes.com/w/hquest/inscshft.htm

What I have yet to see anyone address is that the insurance mandate is a
violation of the most fundamental right to choose what kind of healing system
to subscribe to, and healing is inextricably linked to beliefs.
Americans have been voting with their feet and dollars, choosing from the
multitude of alternatives to orthodox medicine.  That&#039;s why the orthodox
system has been pushing a reform which consolidates a monopoly for itself,
eliminating competition from more cost-effective alternatives.  The
billions of dollars it has spent in public relations has succeeded in
framing the issue so large numbers of people have been lulled into to
thinking insurance equals health care equals orthodox medicine. It&#039;s a lie.
Details at http://bluegreenbytes.com/w/hquest/insfree.htm and
http://bluegreenbytes.com/w/hquest/insfac01.htm

The other framing they have succeeded in making pervasive is the demonization
of those who choose to be in full control of their healthcare, branding lack
of insurance as the cause of the problem and insurance as the solution.
The problem here is the acceptance of the premise that there is
an &quot;external cost the average uninsured person imposes on society
as a whole because he is uninsured.&quot;
First, the reason there&#039;s uncompensated care is not because of lack of
insurance but because they can&#039;t afford it - ie poverty.
Second, Mr. Graham&#039;s article shows that the uninsured pay more in taxes than
they receive in uncompensated care, so the external cost is negative.
Third, has anyone considered the possibility that the opportunity cost of
insurance exceeds the benefit, so that the uninsured are actually saving
society as a whole more than would be saved by alternate arrangements?
For example, spending the money on education, eating better, and living close
enough to work to get exercise while commuting may produce far more benefit
in reducing poverty, improving health, reducing healthcare costs, and
reducing uncompensated care, than spending the money on insurance.
All 3 of these invalidate the original premise.</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>The justifications for the individual mandate and the claims about an<br />
uninsured cost-shift are riddled with misinformation and non-sequiturs.<br />
By definition uncompensated care is what they can&#8217;t afford to pay.<br />
If they can&#8217;t afford the doctor or hospital, they won&#8217;t be able to pay both<br />
that and insurance (or the equivalent tax), so it&#8217;s likely to be shifted anyway.<br />
CBO points to examples where uncompensated care from one group resulted<br />
in _lower_ costs to others, so it&#8217;s not necessarily shifted at all.<br />
Even if there is a cost-shift it&#8217;s nonsensical to push insurance as a solution<br />
as that increases costs and cost-shifting.<br />
It&#8217;s more fair to cost-shift through provider fees and premiums than by taxes.<br />
Corrections to comments above: CBO says uninsured uncompensated care is<br />
$28 billion, which is little more than 1% of total healthcare cost.<br />
$1,000 per insured is completely bogus; Mr Goodman&#8217;s X is $1,000 per UNinsured.<br />
For details on these and more comprehensive rebuttals to other fallacies<br />
of the uninsured cost-shift see <a href="http://bluegreenbytes.com/w/hquest/inscshft.htm" rel="nofollow">http://bluegreenbytes.com/w/hquest/inscshft.htm</a></p>
<p>What I have yet to see anyone address is that the insurance mandate is a<br />
violation of the most fundamental right to choose what kind of healing system<br />
to subscribe to, and healing is inextricably linked to beliefs.<br />
Americans have been voting with their feet and dollars, choosing from the<br />
multitude of alternatives to orthodox medicine.  That&#8217;s why the orthodox<br />
system has been pushing a reform which consolidates a monopoly for itself,<br />
eliminating competition from more cost-effective alternatives.  The<br />
billions of dollars it has spent in public relations has succeeded in<br />
framing the issue so large numbers of people have been lulled into to<br />
thinking insurance equals health care equals orthodox medicine. It&#8217;s a lie.<br />
Details at <a href="http://bluegreenbytes.com/w/hquest/insfree.htm" rel="nofollow">http://bluegreenbytes.com/w/hquest/insfree.htm</a> and<br />
<a href="http://bluegreenbytes.com/w/hquest/insfac01.htm" rel="nofollow">http://bluegreenbytes.com/w/hquest/insfac01.htm</a></p>
<p>The other framing they have succeeded in making pervasive is the demonization<br />
of those who choose to be in full control of their healthcare, branding lack<br />
of insurance as the cause of the problem and insurance as the solution.<br />
The problem here is the acceptance of the premise that there is<br />
an &#8220;external cost the average uninsured person imposes on society<br />
as a whole because he is uninsured.&#8221;<br />
First, the reason there&#8217;s uncompensated care is not because of lack of<br />
insurance but because they can&#8217;t afford it &#8211; ie poverty.<br />
Second, Mr. Graham&#8217;s article shows that the uninsured pay more in taxes than<br />
they receive in uncompensated care, so the external cost is negative.<br />
Third, has anyone considered the possibility that the opportunity cost of<br />
insurance exceeds the benefit, so that the uninsured are actually saving<br />
society as a whole more than would be saved by alternate arrangements?<br />
For example, spending the money on education, eating better, and living close<br />
enough to work to get exercise while commuting may produce far more benefit<br />
in reducing poverty, improving health, reducing healthcare costs, and<br />
reducing uncompensated care, than spending the money on insurance.<br />
All 3 of these invalidate the original premise.</p>
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		<title>By: Anita Del Re</title>
		<link>http://healthblog.ncpa.org/do-we-need-an-individual-mandate/comment-page-1/#comment-46844</link>
		<dc:creator>Anita Del Re</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Thu, 08 Oct 2009 05:24:36 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.john-goodman-blog.com/?p=5717#comment-46844</guid>
		<description>I am reading Chapter 24 Designing Ideal Health Insurance, which leads me to suggest that the &quot;moral hazard&quot; created by the (socialist) concept of group (third party) health insurance also contributes to poor health (why delay gratification if I&#039;m not going to have to - someday - pay the (much) bigger portion of the excellent care I will receive?).  

Health insurance itself has engendered an entitlement mentality (&quot;the best when I need it for as little personal cash outlay as possible&quot;), and unfortunately (and perhaps predictably) less personal responsibility for one&#039;s health.  

We cannot look at health care any longer as our grandparents did; it&#039;s not the same beast and delivers far more value.  If we really want health care costs to go down, we must take more personal responsibility for our health AND our personal health care cost.  The insurance $$$ pool (and government $$$ pool) drive UP health care costs.  

Ponder this: many of us think nothing about taking on a 5-6 year car note for that $45,000 dream car - is it as important as our health?  Of course not.  Yet, the thought of paying $45,000 to stay alive and healthy is anathema to us.  

We all have the right to make choices that better (or worsen) our health...  to spend that $10 at the grocery store for hearty salad fixings that will serve as two or three meals, instead of the fast food greasy burger and shake... to cancel cable TV and go to the health club each night with our families... eat an apple instead of french fries... 

If we insist on inexpensive health care, then our right (to make good or poor health choices) truly is an obligation to make good health choices.  Why should my coworker pay for my self-induced diabetes, lung cancer, heart bypasses?

(Of course I haven&#039;t addressed the multitude of non-self-inflicted illnesses and conditions.) 

I must say, as this issue has taken hold, I&#039;ve considered the fact that I have abused and neglected my body throughout my life - I have smoked and gone for long periods without exercise.  Most likely I will experience health issues related to my self-abuse.  And I truly do not have the right to demand/expect that others pay for my mistakes.  Will I accept it if it&#039;s offered?  You betcha.

But I cannot help but wonder:  would I have behaved differently if that option weren&#039;t available?</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>I am reading Chapter 24 Designing Ideal Health Insurance, which leads me to suggest that the &#8220;moral hazard&#8221; created by the (socialist) concept of group (third party) health insurance also contributes to poor health (why delay gratification if I&#8217;m not going to have to &#8211; someday &#8211; pay the (much) bigger portion of the excellent care I will receive?).  </p>
<p>Health insurance itself has engendered an entitlement mentality (&#8220;the best when I need it for as little personal cash outlay as possible&#8221;), and unfortunately (and perhaps predictably) less personal responsibility for one&#8217;s health.  </p>
<p>We cannot look at health care any longer as our grandparents did; it&#8217;s not the same beast and delivers far more value.  If we really want health care costs to go down, we must take more personal responsibility for our health AND our personal health care cost.  The insurance $$$ pool (and government $$$ pool) drive UP health care costs.  </p>
<p>Ponder this: many of us think nothing about taking on a 5-6 year car note for that $45,000 dream car &#8211; is it as important as our health?  Of course not.  Yet, the thought of paying $45,000 to stay alive and healthy is anathema to us.  </p>
<p>We all have the right to make choices that better (or worsen) our health&#8230;  to spend that $10 at the grocery store for hearty salad fixings that will serve as two or three meals, instead of the fast food greasy burger and shake&#8230; to cancel cable TV and go to the health club each night with our families&#8230; eat an apple instead of french fries&#8230; </p>
<p>If we insist on inexpensive health care, then our right (to make good or poor health choices) truly is an obligation to make good health choices.  Why should my coworker pay for my self-induced diabetes, lung cancer, heart bypasses?</p>
<p>(Of course I haven&#8217;t addressed the multitude of non-self-inflicted illnesses and conditions.) </p>
<p>I must say, as this issue has taken hold, I&#8217;ve considered the fact that I have abused and neglected my body throughout my life &#8211; I have smoked and gone for long periods without exercise.  Most likely I will experience health issues related to my self-abuse.  And I truly do not have the right to demand/expect that others pay for my mistakes.  Will I accept it if it&#8217;s offered?  You betcha.</p>
<p>But I cannot help but wonder:  would I have behaved differently if that option weren&#8217;t available?</p>
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		<title>By: wylie</title>
		<link>http://healthblog.ncpa.org/do-we-need-an-individual-mandate/comment-page-1/#comment-46786</link>
		<dc:creator>wylie</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Tue, 06 Oct 2009 21:41:45 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.john-goodman-blog.com/?p=5717#comment-46786</guid>
		<description>The left are huge hypocrtics when it comes to their fake demonization of private insurance. In fact, they want to give them millions of new customers thru their Individual Mandate and a national Monoploy markert thru there so-called &quot;exchange&quot;! 

Contrary to popular opinion in the media, the Individual Mandate, not the so-called public option is the key to stopping Obamcare in its tracks. Stop the Individual Mandate and the whole bill will unravel for lack of funding and mandatory participation in the scheme! 


This is a very dangerous period because Nationalization will still occur even without an overt government run insurance plan like this &quot;public option&quot; provision everyone keeps fixating on - Wyden/Bennett and the Bacus bill are prime examples of this. 


Individual Mandates to buy private insurance sound like a “free market” solution and “individual responsibility” but in this context they are not – they are simply a front for a government run system. Many conservatives can be easily fooled by this faux “private” front (Mitt Romney was) . 


Here are the core elements what will be contained in the “health care reform compromise” after the so-called “public option” is in all likelihood dropped: 


(a) Federal Regulation aka HEALTH CZAR/DEATH PANELS 


(b) Employer/Individual Mandates aka NATIONAL HEALTH INSURANCE 


(c) Government Subsidies aka MIDDLE CLASS MEDICAL WELFARE 


With the Federal Government setting the rules, forcing everyone to participate, and is paying the bills for most of the middle class through subsidies how is this anything other than Nationalization? 

Obamacare or any other plan that constains Individual Mandates is a corrupt bargain that benefits DC Politicians, Big Union, Big Industry, and Big/Nanny Government. The losers that get stuck with the bill and socialist medicine are the young, the elderly, the taxpayer and small business. 

Its amazaing how stupid the left really is - they dont even know when they are being scammed lol!</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>The left are huge hypocrtics when it comes to their fake demonization of private insurance. In fact, they want to give them millions of new customers thru their Individual Mandate and a national Monoploy markert thru there so-called &#8220;exchange&#8221;! </p>
<p>Contrary to popular opinion in the media, the Individual Mandate, not the so-called public option is the key to stopping Obamcare in its tracks. Stop the Individual Mandate and the whole bill will unravel for lack of funding and mandatory participation in the scheme! </p>
<p>This is a very dangerous period because Nationalization will still occur even without an overt government run insurance plan like this &#8220;public option&#8221; provision everyone keeps fixating on &#8211; Wyden/Bennett and the Bacus bill are prime examples of this. </p>
<p>Individual Mandates to buy private insurance sound like a “free market” solution and “individual responsibility” but in this context they are not – they are simply a front for a government run system. Many conservatives can be easily fooled by this faux “private” front (Mitt Romney was) . </p>
<p>Here are the core elements what will be contained in the “health care reform compromise” after the so-called “public option” is in all likelihood dropped: </p>
<p>(a) Federal Regulation aka HEALTH CZAR/DEATH PANELS </p>
<p>(b) Employer/Individual Mandates aka NATIONAL HEALTH INSURANCE </p>
<p>(c) Government Subsidies aka MIDDLE CLASS MEDICAL WELFARE </p>
<p>With the Federal Government setting the rules, forcing everyone to participate, and is paying the bills for most of the middle class through subsidies how is this anything other than Nationalization? </p>
<p>Obamacare or any other plan that constains Individual Mandates is a corrupt bargain that benefits DC Politicians, Big Union, Big Industry, and Big/Nanny Government. The losers that get stuck with the bill and socialist medicine are the young, the elderly, the taxpayer and small business. </p>
<p>Its amazaing how stupid the left really is &#8211; they dont even know when they are being scammed lol!</p>
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		<title>By: Dr. Bob Kramer</title>
		<link>http://healthblog.ncpa.org/do-we-need-an-individual-mandate/comment-page-1/#comment-46775</link>
		<dc:creator>Dr. Bob Kramer</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Tue, 06 Oct 2009 18:32:45 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.john-goodman-blog.com/?p=5717#comment-46775</guid>
		<description>If the medical establishment would follow Kramer&#039;s rule of 7, then we can certainly lower costs, improve quality and provide access.
1. Do the right thing
2. For the right patient
3. In the right place
4. At the right time
5. for the right reason
6. By the right person (MD)
7. For the right price.</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>If the medical establishment would follow Kramer&#8217;s rule of 7, then we can certainly lower costs, improve quality and provide access.<br />
1. Do the right thing<br />
2. For the right patient<br />
3. In the right place<br />
4. At the right time<br />
5. for the right reason<br />
6. By the right person (MD)<br />
7. For the right price.</p>
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		<title>By: John R. Graham</title>
		<link>http://healthblog.ncpa.org/do-we-need-an-individual-mandate/comment-page-1/#comment-46772</link>
		<dc:creator>John R. Graham</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Tue, 06 Oct 2009 17:25:20 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.john-goodman-blog.com/?p=5717#comment-46772</guid>
		<description>I wrote about this in 2007 (http://tinyurl.com/5h4yvc).  My argument is that, as a class, the uninsured pay more in extra income taxes than they take in &quot;uncompensated care.&quot;  This is because a growing minority of the uninsured are high-income earners who pay voluntary taxes by not buying health insurance (which would reduce their taxable income).  If we made the tax-break from buying health insurance transparent (e.g. via a tax credit), rather than excluding it from taxable income, the U.S. government would have an easily identifiable and automatically &quot;earmarked&quot; pot of money that it could give states to deal with uncompensated care.</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>I wrote about this in 2007 (<a href="http://tinyurl.com/5h4yvc" rel="nofollow">http://tinyurl.com/5h4yvc</a>).  My argument is that, as a class, the uninsured pay more in extra income taxes than they take in &#8220;uncompensated care.&#8221;  This is because a growing minority of the uninsured are high-income earners who pay voluntary taxes by not buying health insurance (which would reduce their taxable income).  If we made the tax-break from buying health insurance transparent (e.g. via a tax credit), rather than excluding it from taxable income, the U.S. government would have an easily identifiable and automatically &#8220;earmarked&#8221; pot of money that it could give states to deal with uncompensated care.</p>
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		<title>By: Bart Ingles</title>
		<link>http://healthblog.ncpa.org/do-we-need-an-individual-mandate/comment-page-1/#comment-46769</link>
		<dc:creator>Bart Ingles</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Tue, 06 Oct 2009 16:46:32 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.john-goodman-blog.com/?p=5717#comment-46769</guid>
		<description>&lt;blockquote&gt;&quot;...but am less convinced about X.&quot;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

...Specifically, I&#039;m not convinced that X(&lt;i&gt;i&lt;/i&gt;) needs to equal the full value of B(&lt;i&gt;i&lt;/i&gt;).  Consider the existing employer-based system.  &lt;i&gt;At most,&lt;/i&gt; the value of X is 43% of B (where X is federal only).  Yet this is apparently enough to make employer-based coverage quite popular, and in fact seems to be high enough to encourage some excess spending.</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<blockquote><p>&#8220;&#8230;but am less convinced about X.&#8221;</p></blockquote>
<p>&#8230;Specifically, I&#8217;m not convinced that X(<i>i</i>) needs to equal the full value of B(<i>i</i>).  Consider the existing employer-based system.  <i>At most,</i> the value of X is 43% of B (where X is federal only).  Yet this is apparently enough to make employer-based coverage quite popular, and in fact seems to be high enough to encourage some excess spending.</p>
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		<title>By: Bart Ingles</title>
		<link>http://healthblog.ncpa.org/do-we-need-an-individual-mandate/comment-page-1/#comment-46744</link>
		<dc:creator>Bart Ingles</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Tue, 06 Oct 2009 02:30:44 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.john-goodman-blog.com/?p=5717#comment-46744</guid>
		<description>I&#039;m not sure what to make of the statements regarding A.  It seems to me that it would vary with the risk rating of the individual, and that an average is probably not meaningful.  With risk rating, you could probably peg A(&lt;i&gt;i&lt;/i&gt;) for individual &lt;i&gt;i&lt;/i&gt; as a fixed fraction of that individual&#039;s insurance premium.  This suggests a proportional tax credit, rather than a fixed amount.

Of course the real reason for the individual mandate is not to penalize free ridership-- as Linda points out, it doesn&#039;t even impact insured people that much.  Instead, the purpose is to force participation in a pool with mandatory (2:1) community rating.  So as far as the state is concerned, the cost of uninsurance is not A, it&#039;s the cost of lost revenue B(&lt;i&gt;i&lt;/i&gt;) that the individual failed to pay into the pool.

I agree with B=C, or at least B(&lt;i&gt;i&lt;/i&gt;)=C(&lt;i&gt;i&lt;/i&gt;), but am less convinced about X.

It&#039;s probably better to forget about A.  The only one really talking about it is Obama, as a red herring to try to justify his insurance fiasco.</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>I&#8217;m not sure what to make of the statements regarding A.  It seems to me that it would vary with the risk rating of the individual, and that an average is probably not meaningful.  With risk rating, you could probably peg A(<i>i</i>) for individual <i>i</i> as a fixed fraction of that individual&#8217;s insurance premium.  This suggests a proportional tax credit, rather than a fixed amount.</p>
<p>Of course the real reason for the individual mandate is not to penalize free ridership&#8211; as Linda points out, it doesn&#8217;t even impact insured people that much.  Instead, the purpose is to force participation in a pool with mandatory (2:1) community rating.  So as far as the state is concerned, the cost of uninsurance is not A, it&#8217;s the cost of lost revenue B(<i>i</i>) that the individual failed to pay into the pool.</p>
<p>I agree with B=C, or at least B(<i>i</i>)=C(<i>i</i>), but am less convinced about X.</p>
<p>It&#8217;s probably better to forget about A.  The only one really talking about it is Obama, as a red herring to try to justify his insurance fiasco.</p>
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		<title>By: Ryan Ellis</title>
		<link>http://healthblog.ncpa.org/do-we-need-an-individual-mandate/comment-page-1/#comment-46739</link>
		<dc:creator>Ryan Ellis</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Mon, 05 Oct 2009 22:04:36 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.john-goodman-blog.com/?p=5717#comment-46739</guid>
		<description>There is a problem with A=B=C here.

A is the average amount society is willing to spend on the uninsured.  You&#039;ve said that&#039;s about $1000 for every insured person.

B is the minimum amount people would be required to spend on health insurance.  This will always be higher than A, given current insurance costs.

C is the fine, which could be set to A.

But unless things fundamentally change, A is nowhere near to equaling B.</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>There is a problem with A=B=C here.</p>
<p>A is the average amount society is willing to spend on the uninsured.  You&#8217;ve said that&#8217;s about $1000 for every insured person.</p>
<p>B is the minimum amount people would be required to spend on health insurance.  This will always be higher than A, given current insurance costs.</p>
<p>C is the fine, which could be set to A.</p>
<p>But unless things fundamentally change, A is nowhere near to equaling B.</p>
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		<title>By: Ryan Ellis</title>
		<link>http://healthblog.ncpa.org/do-we-need-an-individual-mandate/comment-page-1/#comment-46738</link>
		<dc:creator>Ryan Ellis</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Mon, 05 Oct 2009 22:02:38 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.john-goodman-blog.com/?p=5717#comment-46738</guid>
		<description>So the cost of uncompensated care is $56 billion, according to that study.

That works out to less than 3 percent of what we spend in healthcare every year as a nation.

That&#039;s called a rounding error for the human condition.  There is no (signficant) &quot;free rider&quot; problem at all.</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>So the cost of uncompensated care is $56 billion, according to that study.</p>
<p>That works out to less than 3 percent of what we spend in healthcare every year as a nation.</p>
<p>That&#8217;s called a rounding error for the human condition.  There is no (signficant) &#8220;free rider&#8221; problem at all.</p>
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		<title>By: Ke-Chih Wu</title>
		<link>http://healthblog.ncpa.org/do-we-need-an-individual-mandate/comment-page-1/#comment-46736</link>
		<dc:creator>Ke-Chih Wu</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Mon, 05 Oct 2009 21:53:44 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.john-goodman-blog.com/?p=5717#comment-46736</guid>
		<description>Since insurance company will not be able to refuse coverage for pre-existing conditions, it seems to me individual mandate will have to be a part of package. To be workable, the refundable tax credit probably needs to be age based. People might complaint this is too much government intrusion. However, the current reality is that vast majority of Americans are in a third-party paying system that is not sustainable. To get to a system that has better incentive for individual responsibility is not easy since many people have come to regard health care as a right.</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Since insurance company will not be able to refuse coverage for pre-existing conditions, it seems to me individual mandate will have to be a part of package. To be workable, the refundable tax credit probably needs to be age based. People might complaint this is too much government intrusion. However, the current reality is that vast majority of Americans are in a third-party paying system that is not sustainable. To get to a system that has better incentive for individual responsibility is not easy since many people have come to regard health care as a right.</p>
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